|
|
|
C.
(P.)
|
|
|
Editorial
Board
|
|
1
|
 |
|
Contents
|
|
2-6
|
|
|
Review
|
|
|
|
|
INFLUENCE OF SILVER PREPARATIONS ON LIVING
ORGANISMS
Bomko T.V., Martynov A.V., Nosalskaya T.N.,
Manuilov A.M., Manuilov M. B.
The fight against resistant microorganisms has
recently become increasingly important. The majority of antimicrobial drugs,
including antiseptics, have successfully developed multidrug resistance in many
microorganisms and viruses. Among the drugs to which the microorganisms have
not yet developed resistance remain silver preparations. In this review, we
offer a summary of research on the silver preparations effect not only in
microorganisms, but also in the human body, including the molecular-biological
aspects of such effect. The article
presents results of studies silver ionic forms, colloidal and metallic form
influence on microorganisms, viruses and cancer cells. The effect of various
silver preparations on the biochemical pathways in the human body is also
shown.
Keywords: silver, microorganisms, viruses, immunity,
cancer, biochemistry
|
|
7-14
|
 |
| Experimental works |
|
|
|
|
CLINICAL
AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ELECTRICAL INSTABILITY OF A STRUCTURALLY UNCHANGED
HEART
Peremot S. D., Volianskyi A. Y.,
Smilianska M. V., Kashpur N. V., Klysa
O.O., Klysa T. L.
Introduction. The concept of "idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias"
(IVA), i.e. arrhythmias that have arisen in the absence of structural disorders
of the heart, is becoming more and more conventional. As for today,
"idiopathic arrhythmia" is the main cause of sudden cardiac death at
a young age. Unfortunately, there is no epidemiological data on vital rhythm
disturbances in young people without organic heart damage in Ukraine. The
active introduction into clinical practice of highly informative instrumental
methods of myocardial examination, specific immunological tests and molecular
genetic methods of investigation is the basis for revealing the hidden causes
of their occurrence. The aim of the study was to search for clinical and
instrumental signs of inflammation and markers of herpesvirus infection in
persons with ventricular ectopic activity without structural damage to the
cardiovascular system. Material & methods. Twenty-three patients (14 men
and 9 women) were involved in the study based on the results of daily monitoring
(1200 ventricular ectopic complexes per day) with no signs of an organic
disease of the cardiovascular system at the age of 17-35 years (mean age 25.7 ±
6.9 years). The control group consisted of 16 practically healthy persons,
comparable in age and gender ratio with the main group of subjects. All
examined patients underwent daily monitoring of ECG and blood pressure by
Holter using 12 channel monitors. The study used the results of magnetic
resonance imaging of the heart with intravenous contrast and determination of
the viral load representatives of Herpesviridae (HHV1, 2, HHV3, HHV4, HHV5,
HHV6). The study was carried out using fluorescent antibodies using specific
monoclonal antibodies from Santa Cruz Biotech. Inc. (USA). The levels of the main
inflammatory mediators from the group of proinflammatory interleukins IL-6 and
TNF-α were studied by ELISA, using commercial Thermo Scientific ™ kits (USA).
Results & discussion. As a result of the study, the markers of
herpesviruses in blood immunocytes, both in the form of a monoinfection and in
a mixed infection, were found in 20 patients with ventricular extrasystole,
which was almost 87%, while in the control group, similar markers were found in
4 subjects (25 % of cases). Moreover, the degree of viral load in the group of
patients with ventricular ectopic activity averaged 1.4 - 1.8, CFU, which
corresponds to the average and high level, but in the control group did not
exceed 1.2 CFU, which corresponds to a low degree of viral load. Viruses: HHV1,
2, HHV5 and HHV3 were the most common representatives of Herpesviridae in 52%
of patients with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias. The obtained data of
levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines suggest the presence of an inflammatory
process that is not accompanied by severe clinical manifestations. So the
concentration of mediators of inflammation in the blood serum of patients with
idiopathic rhythm disturbances without structural damage to the heart was
significantly higher than in the control group, which indicates the
inflammatory process in these patients. The concentration of TNF-α in
ventricular rhythm disturbances was almost 18.5 times higher than the
corresponding control group, and the level of IL-6 exceeded the control one by
almost 7 times. Recently, due to the introduction into clinical practice of
modern methods of visualization of myocardial damage of both coronary and
non-coronary genesis, it has become possible to non-invasively identify various
signs of a latent inflammatory process. According to the Lake Louise Criteria
(LLC), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now recognized as a noninvasive
diagnostic method for verifying myocarditis. When assessing early contrasting
on T1-weighted images, signal strength intensification was from 3 to 5 segments
in 47,8 % of patients with rhythm disturbances. Confirmation of inflammation of
the myocardium is the presence of two criteria. It turned out that among
patients with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias two or more positive phenomena
were registered in 10 (43.5%) patients. Obtained MRI data of individuals with
ventricular arrhythmias correlate with data from studies of levels of
pro-inflammatory interleukins in this group. Conclusion. Thus, the obtained
results of the conducted studies indicate that the basis of non-coronarogenic
ventricular ectopic activity can be ectopic foci of excitation caused by a
latent herpesviral inflammatory process in the myocardium, and MRI criteria for
inflammatory foci in combination with elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-6 – as
additional markers of subclinical myocarditis in patients without structural
heart damage.
Keywords: idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias, criteria for inflammatory process,
herpesviruses.
|
|
15-18
|
|
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
VIABILITY AND ACCORDANCE WITH THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE LYOPHILIZED SAMPLES
OF MUSEUM STRAINS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED IN 1946-1959 YEARS Popov M.
M., Peretyatko O. G., Yagnuk Yu. A., Cholodna T. V. Effective microorganisms’ conservation with the aim of long-term storage
of the strains in the collection without changes in the morphological,
physiological and genetical properties is provided by methods that allow the
shift of the vegetative forms of bacterial cells into the anabiosis state. The
most widespread among them is the lyophilization method. The museum of
microorganisms of the State Establishment “Mechnikov Institute of microbiology
and immunology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine” has one
of the oldest bacterial collections in Europe that consists of more than 4000
lyophilized samples of microorganisms strains. The aim of the study was the testing of viability and species
specific properties of the museum strains of E. coli, that were preserved in lyophilized state long-term. Materials and methods. The objects of
the study were the 30 lyophilized samples of the 22 strains of E. coli. Lyophilized cultures were
restored through dilution of the ampule content in the 1,0 ml nutritive broth
and seeding of the microbial suspension from the 100-times dilutions onto the
agar-based media (blood agar, Endo medium); the viability was determined based
on the quantity of the colony forming units (CFU/ml).
Re-identification of the microbial cultures was carried out with the use
of API system produced by «Bio-Mårieux», France (ID 32 GN – for
enterobacteria identification). The phenotypic intra-strains heterogeneity of the population was evaluated by dissociation index
that reflects the ratio (%) of the certain colony forms (S-, R-, D-, M- forms)
compared to the total count. The statistical analysis was carried out based on
the parametric statistic methods with the use of Microsoft Excel 2007 and STATISTICA
6.0 computer programs. Results and
discussion. There were (66,7±8,6) % of the
total amount of E. ñoli strains
participating in the experiment that were able to be restored, and therefore
those samples were selected for further studies. It was established that the
quantity of the colonies on the solid nutritive media in the restored strains
varied from 10^6 to 10^9 CFU/ml, the average survivability
parameter was (26,7±4,6) %. During the statistical analysis of the results no
correlations between the CFU count and the storage term were established (r=0). It was established that the majority of the
re-cultivated strains (90,0±3,8) % was characterized by dissociation into
different colonial and morphological variants. The dissociation index (ID)
values in the microbial populations of the studied Escherichia strains varied
in the range of 10,0 % to 90,0 %. The statistical analysis of the data has
established the presence of correlation between the dissociation index and term
of storage of the sample in the lyophilized state (r>0,95). The established
colonial polymorphism of the studied strains of E. coli, in our opinion,
is caused by adaptation to the stressful conditions and leads to the increase
of the survivability of the bacterial population in course of the long-term
storage in the lyophilized state. According to the re-identification results, the majority (90,0±3,5) % of the samples corresponded
to the data indicated in the strains passport, except two strains that did not
correspond to their initial identification based on the total of biochemical
tests. Conclusions. The restoring of
the lyophilized cultures of E. coli
from 1946-1959 yy. of isolation
the majority of samples was found to be viable and the viability varied in the
range of 0,001 % to 100,0 %. It was established that the populations (90,0±3,8) % of restored strains were
characterized by dissociation into different colonial and morphological
variants. Based on the re-identification results of E. coli the correct
identification of strains was carried out and corrections were put in their passports. Further studies
perspectives. It is planned to
study the sensitivity to antibiotics of the collection strains of E. coli,
isolated in the different periods of antibiotic use.
Keywords:
lyophilized samples, museum E. Coli
strains, viability, taxomic status.
|
|
19-22
|
|
|
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF
PHYTOSUBSTANTS FROM VACCINIUM VITIS-IDAEA LEAVES
Tsemenko
K.V
The purpose of the work is to study the
antibacterial activity of phytosubstances from Vaccinium vitis-idaea leaves. Materials
and methods. The objects of the study were 13 phytosubstances, obtained
from Vaccinium vitis-idaea leaves. The study of antibacterial activity of the
extracts was performed by the method of diffusion in agar in the laboratory of
biochemistry of microorganisms and nutrient medium of the Mechnikov Institute
of Microbiology and Immunology under the direction of ñandidate of biological
sciences Osolodchenko T.P. The research and analysis of experimental data was
carried out in comparison with the standard drug Inurec containing the
concentrated extract of American cranberries 150 mg (manufactured by
PHARMACEERY MANUFEKCHURIN SL SPAIN) Results.
The most pronounced antibacterial effect was phytosubstance from Vaccinium
vitis-idaea leaves, which contains a complex of phenolic compounds with
arginine, dissolved in 50% alcohol. It was found that amino acids in
combination with phenolic compounds of Vaccinium vitis-idaea have an
antibacterial effect on the main uropathogens. The polysaccharide complex of
Vaccinium vitis-idaea leaves manifested itself as an agent with a low level of
antibacterial effect. The aglycones of the phenolic compounds of Vaccinium
vitis-idaea leaf had less pronounced antibacterial effect than their
glycosides. Conclusions. The study
of antibacterial activity of 13 phytosubstantions from Vaccinium vitis-idaea
leaves was conducted. The most promising substance was a complex of glycosides
of phenolic compounds from Vaccinium vitis-idaea leaves with arginine. It has
found that aminoacids potentiate the antibacterial effect of phenolic compounds
of Vaccinium vitis-idaea, and polysaccharides, on the contrary, were inverted.
Glycosides of phenolic compounds of Vaccinium vitis-idaea usually have a more
pronounced antibacterial effect than their aglycones.
Keywords: phytosubstantion, leaves, Vaccinium
vitis-idaea, antibacterial activity
|
|
23-26
|
|
|
THE MIMICRY ANTIGENS OF
BRONCHOPULMONARY SYSTEM AS FACTORS OF AUTOIMMUNE PROCESS INITIATION IN
CHILDHOOD BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Chernuskiy
V. G,. Popov N. N., Govalenkova O. L., Letyago A. V., Kashina-Yarmak V. L.,
Tolmachova S. R., Popova A. N.
Introduction. Microorganisms, isolated from the sputum of children with bronchial
asthma (BA) in the exacerbation period, are able to acquire mimicry antigens of
the trachea, bronchi and lung tissue, and have sensitizing effect on the
organism of the child not only through the truly microbial (viral) antigens,
but through the acquitted mimicry antigens of the cellular and tissue
structures of the bronchopulmonary system, thus shifting the pathological
process towards autoimmunity. Materials & methods. A microbiological
study of the sputum obtained from the 135 examined children with BA aged 6 to
14 years in the exacerbation period. The disease diagnosis was established
according to the protocol and directive of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine
from 08.10.2013 ¹ 868. It was established that 45 children had non – atopic
asthma, 46 – mixed type asthma (MTBA) and 44 – atopic form of BA (ATBA).
Microbiological studies of the sputum were carried out with the help of the
commonly accepted methods: plating onto the solid and liquid culture mediums
with the subsequent strains isolation, microscopy, biochemical and serological
identification. Strains identification was carried out according to the
taxonomic tests of the Berge microorganism index. In order to determine the
presence of mimicry antigens in the examined strains we have prepared
hyperimmune rabbit serums to the trachea, bronchi, and lung tissue antigens.
Section samples obtained from the accidentally deceased children with the ²(0) blood type 2-4 hours after the moment of death
served as a antigenic material. Results
& discussion. BA in children is characterized by complex etiological
structure that combines Gram-positive, Gram-negative and Candida spp. fungi,
and their associations. A comparative study of the quantitative composition of
the microorganisms isolated from the sputum of the 135 examined children aged 5
to 14 years in the exacerbation period was carried out. It was established that
the following microorganisms were isolated from the sputum of the children with
ATBA with the lowest frequency: S. pyogenes - 3 (6,8 ± 2,1%), S. aureus - 4
(9,1 ± 2,5%), and Å. coli — 5 (11,4 ± 2,3%); among associations - S.
aureus + S. pyogenes - 2 (4,5 ± 1,3%), S. aureus + Pr. mirabilis - 2 (4,5
±1,3%). The most frequent microorganisms were: Ñ. albicans - 8 (18,2 ± 4,4%), Ps. aeruginosa - 7 (16,0 ± 4,2%), and
among associations - S. aureus + Ps.
aeruginosa - 4 (9,1 ± 2,5%), and S. aureus + E. coli-3(6,8 ±2,1%). In the
children with NABA, the least frequent microorganisms were: Ñ. albicans fungi - 2 (4,4 ± 1,4%), as well as
associations: S. aureus + E. coli - 2 (4,4 ± 1,4%), and S. aureus + Pr.
mirabilis - 3 (6,7 ± 1,7%), and the most frequent - S. aureus 7 (15,2 ± 3,1%),
Ps. aeruginosa - 7 (15,2 ± 3,1%), as well as associations: S. aureus + S.
pyogenes - 4 (8,7 ± 2,2 %) è S. aureus + Ps.
aeruginosa - 4 (8,72 ± 2,2%). In children with MTBA the lowest frequency of
isolation from the sputum was observed for: Ðr. mirabilis
- 3 (6,5±1,8 %) and Candida spp. fungi - 5 (10,9±4,1 %), among associations -
S.aureus + E.coli- 2 (4,3±1,6%); S.aureus + Pr. mirabilis- 3 (6,5±1,8 %), the
most frequent microorganisms were: S.aureus - 7 (15,2±3,1 %), Ps.aeraginosa - 7
(15,2±3,1 %), and among associations: S.aureus + S.pyogenes - 4 (8,7±2,2 %),
and S.aureus + Ps. aeruginosa -4(8,7±2,2%). The participation of the microflora
isolated from the sputum in the etiopathogenesis of the disease can be proven
based on the determination in their structure of the mimicry antigens of the
trachea, bronchi and lung tissue. It was experimentally proven in course of the
study that in NABA the titers of the agglutination of the organ specific serums
with Gram-positive microorganisms (Streptococcus and Staphylococcus) were 1:131
— 1:149, which points out their decisive role in the etiopathogenesis in this
form of BA, while in the Gram-negative microorganisms, the background values of
the titers were observed - 1:17 - 1:85. In MTBA, the agglutination titer of
organ specific serums with Gram-positive microorganisms (Streptococcus and
Staphylococcus) was in the range (1:128 - 1:213), in Gram-negative
microorganisms (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) – (1:64 - 1:160), which points to
the participation of the pyogenic and Gram-negative microflora in the
etiopathogenesis of this form of BA. In ATBA, the results of agglutination
reaction of organ specific serums with Gram-positive microorganisms and
Gram-negative microorganisms were in the range of 1:18 - 1:44, the lowest range
compared to the NABA and MTBA. It can be concluded that microorganisms,
isolated from the children with BA, are able through inclusion into their
structure the mimicry antigens of the trachea, bronchi and lung structure, not
only to determine the induction of the pathological process, but also to shift
it towards autoimmunity. Conclusion. 1.Independent of the BA form in children, the
microbial factor has the leading role in its etiopathogenesis, and can lead to
the increased severity of the disease course. 2. BA in children is
characterized by complex etiological structure that combines Gram-positive,
Gram-negative, Candida spp. fungi, and their associations. 3.Microorganisms
isolated from the sputum of children with BA, through varying their antigenic
potential, are able to include into their structure mimicry antigens of the
cellular and tissue structure of the bronchopulmonary system. 4.
Microorganisms, through inclusion into their structure the mimicry antigens of
the trachea, bronchi and lung structure, not only determine the induction of
the pathological process, but also shift it towards autoimmunity.
Keywords: bronchial asthma, children,
microorganisms, mimicry antigens, autoimmune process.
|
|
27-32
|
|
|
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE IN USING
THE MINI PARASEP SOLVENT- FREE FAECAL PARASITE CONCENTRATOR FOR THE CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP. OOCYSTS DETECTION
IN STOOL
Pokhil
S.I., Tymchenko O.M., Iakovenko D.V., Chigirinskaya N.A., Kostyia I.A.,
Nesterenko A.M.
Introduction. Cryptosporidiosis is a protozoan illness caused by the protozoans of genus Cryptosporidium (type Apicomplexa), that are able to parasitize in the enterocytes of the intestinal mucosa villi, causing a specific infectious process
with such manifestations as “watery diarrhea“. The efficacy of prophylaxis and treatment of this parasitosis is based
on the timely and quality laboratory diagnostics that is most often carried out
with the help of microscopic methods. In order to increase the productivity of
oocysts determination in the fecal samples different methods of enrichment in
the latter are being used. The aim of the study – evaluation of the efficacy of application of Mini Parasep® Solvent Free Faecal Parasite Concentrator compared to the traditional method of concentration (centrifugation in the
formalin ethyl - acetate mix) in course of focused study of the fecal samples
for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts presence. Materials and methods. The object of the study were
102 fecal samples (with 10,0 % aqueous formalin at the ratio 1:1) from children with diarrhea aged from one month to 17 years that were
provided with regular medical aid. Purification and concentration of
cryptosporidia oocysts was carried out with the help of centrifugation in
formalin ethyl-acetate mix was carried out according to the widely accepted
method. During the application of Mini Parasep® Solvent Free Faecal Parasite Concentrator (“Apacor Ltd.”, England) the method recommended by the provider was adhered to, except the
sedimentation by centrifugation stage that was carried out at 1100g for 3
minutes instead of 1 minute. Smears were prepared from the supernatant that
were stained with the modified (cold) Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. The oocyst purification and concentration procedure was carried out by different specialists with taking into account of each stage chronometry. During microscopy of the stained smears of enriched fecal sediment the following parameters were evaluated: cryptosporidia oocysts presence, size, shape, typical inner structure, as well as the probability of concealment of the oocysts that was calculated by the number of big
conglomerates (³ 1/5 field of vision of the microscope). Results and discussion. In the studies 102 fecal samples from children during parallel application of both methods complete coincidence of parameters of quality oocysts determination/non-determination (rô=1)
was established. Oocysts
were found in 4 (3,9 %) studied samples that was
in the range of this parameter values in similar groups of increased risk in
developed world countries. Despite such drawbacks of Mini Parasep® Solvent Free Faecal Parasite Concentrator application as the almost two-fold increase in overall study cost and the 3,8 increase in quantity of the big sized conglomerates that could potentially conceal the parasitic types being sought, this method had a number of significant rating advantages compared to the traditional method of centrifugation in formalin ethyl acetate mix: the low material cost and
significantly lesser (2,2-2,6
times) labor cost, the moderate validity level, high biosafety and higher (1,5 times) productivity of the
microscopic determination of the general quantity of cryptosporidia oocysts. Conclusions. The advantages and disadvantages of cryptosporidia oocysts purification and concentration procedures in application of traditional variant of centrifugation in formalin ethyl acette mix and in application of Mini Parasep® Solvent Free Faecal Parasite Concentrator determined in course of
the study do not contradict the topic data from foreign scientists. It is
expedient to optimize the cryptosporidia oocysts purification and concentration
procedures for determination of the latter in the fecal samples with the help of
microscopy with the help of parasitological concentrator of the Parasep® type.
Keywords: Cryptosporidium, Parasep Ò Faecal Parasite Concentrator, detection,
oocysts.
|
|
33-40
|
|
|
FORENSIC AND PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS OF ADDICTIVE MORBIDITY BECAUSE
OF THE USE OF PSYCHOTROPIC PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN UKRAINE
(RETROSPECTIVE ASPECT)
Introduction. The use of psychoactive
substances is one of the leading factors in the deterioration of the mental
health of the population. The dynamics of addictive morbidity in recent years
is closely correlated with each other, as well as with other manifestations of
social problems: the general mortality of the population; the number of
suicides; the number of crimes committed, which in general affects the
development of the country. Materials and methods. The material of the study was statistical
data, scientific literature, regulatory documents, and Internet sources. In studying
of the problem, used retrospective, documentary, normative and legal, forensic
and pharmaceutical methods of analysis. Results and discussion. The article
presents the results of the forensic and pharmaceutical analysis of the
addictive morbidity in Ukraine for the period of 2005–2008 based on example of
psychotropic psychoactive substances. Distinguished three codes of the
International Classification of Diseases of the 10-th revision, which
correspond to the addictive morbidity due to the use of psychotropic
substances: F13 – hypnotics and sedatives (diazepam, phenobarbital); F15 –
psychostimulants (amphetamine); F16 – hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin,
mescaline). Given the indicators of the listed types of addictive morbidity in
Ukraine (per 100 thousand population) in a retrospective aspect. Conclusions. Established, that
psychoactive substances from the classification and legal group
"psychotropic substances" refer to substances whose circulation is
limited at the legislative level. The results of the analysis of the registered
addictive morbidity in Ukraine for the period of 2005–2008 because of the use
of psychotropic psychoactive substances testify the following. Stability of the
index of addictive morbidity because of the use of hypnotic and sedative
substances (F13) and hallucinogens (F16) in 2008 in comparison with 2005; about
a 24% reduction in the addictive morbidity because of the use of
psychostimulants (F15) in 2008 compared with 2005.
Keywords: forensic pharmacy,
psychoactive substances, addictive morbidity, classification and legal groups, psychotropic substances.
|
|
41-44 |
|
|
PHAGOCYTAL
ACTIVITY OF NEUTROPHILES AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTES IN PATIENTS WITH HBV
INFECTION
Sklyar A.I., Popov M.M., Melentyeva K.V., Popova
N.G., Toryanik I.I., Kalinichenko S.V., Popova L.O.
Introduction. Treatment of HBV
infection is one of the global problems of modern medicine, which is confirmed
by the extraordinary prevalence and high mortality from this disease.
Elimination of acute hepatitis B (GHB) from the human body cannot be achieved
without an effective antiviral immune response. Infiltration into the body,
infectious agents collide with the innate structures of the immune system,
among which phagocytes are on the first line of defense. The purpose of the
work – study of the functional state
of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and indicators of phagocytic activity of
monocytes in the blood of patients with HBV of varying degrees of severity in
the dynamics of conventional treatment and after the appointment of a
symbiotic. Material & methods. Under
supervision were 108 patients with HBV, from 18 to 69 years, of which 56 men
and 52 women, the overall average age of patients was 34 ± 1.88 years. The
control group consisted of 17 healthy individuals. To evaluate phagocytic the
activity of neutrophils (PAN) was determined by the neutrophils phagocytic
index (NPI) and the phagocytic count of neutrophils (PCN). The monocytes
phagocytic index of (MPI) and phagocytic count of monocytes (PCM) were
determined for evaluation of phagocytic activity of monocytes (PAM). Three
incubation periods of 30, 60 and 180 minutes were used. Results & discussion. Discussing the results obtained, it is
possible to state that polymorphonuclear neutrophils do not remain inert
foreign cells in the antiviral process, they are involved in HBV infection.
However, what role does neutrophils play - have a direct antiviral effect or
indirectly participate in the elimination of viruses, or vice versa, HBV uses
the functionality of phagocytes to replicate and spread, yet to be clarified.
It is known that in the process of absorption, a phagosoma is formed, which is
then connected to the lysosomes of the cell, thus ensuring the implementation
of monocytes as effective killing of microorganisms and the cleavage of
antigens. Therefore, determining the duration and stability of contact of the
object of phagocytosis with lysosomal enzymes monocytes, exhibiting an exposure
of 180 minutes, is an important criterion for determining the reliable
absorbing function of phagocytic monocytes. Analyzing the absorbing function of
monocytes in patients with moderate severity in the period of reconvalescence,
it can be stated that the indicated ability of monocytes in patients of 3
groups is significantly increased in the period from 30 to 60 minutes, which
presumably indicates significant compensatory reserves of monocytes. But in the
future at an exposure of 180 minutes obviously there is a depletion of the
functional capabilities of phagocytic cells, which manifests itself as a sharp
decrease in absorbent capacity against the background of a decrease in the
total number of phagocytic monocytes. Patients in the 4 groups taking symbiotic
demonstrate stable levels of monocyte absorption capacity in all exposure
periods that do not differ from healthy subjects. The use of a symbiotic
increases both the intensity of phagocytosis and regulates the absorption
capacity of microphages in patients with mild severity and especially in
patients with moderate severity, thereby maintaining the PAN at HBV at an
optimal level. Conclusions. In
patients with mild to moderate hepatitis, a significant activation of
polymorphonuclear neutrophils during the active phase of HBV infection has been
detected, which is characterized by an increase in the levels of NPI and AFN in
1.1-1.8 times and 1.5-1.9 times, respectively, in comparison with the control
group . While indicators of MPI in HBV were reduced by 1.1-3.2 times compared
with the control group, possibly due to a decrease in the number of phagocytic
monocytes in the blood of patients with HBV infection. The intensity of
reduction of phagocytic reactions of monocytes correlates with the degree of
severity of HBV. It is possible to assume that a significant reduction in the
number of phagocytes in the peripheral blood of infected persons is due to the
redistribution of monocyte phenotypes and the recruitment of these immune cells
in the inflammatory site. In patients with moderate severity in different
periods of the disease, there is a significant inhibition of phagocytosis,
which manifested by a decrease in the number of neutrophils that are involved
in phagocytic reactions (1.2-1.5 times compared with the control group).
However, despite the significant inhibition of the intensity of phagocytosis,
the absorption capacity of neutrophils in these patients is elevated or is at
the level of healthy individuals. Increasing the PCM to 1.8 times in patients
with HBV may indicate significant compensatory opportunities for monocytes by
increasing their absorption capacity. Thus, it is possible to assume that the
patients with HBV infection of moderate severity increase the functionality of
activated neutrophils by mobilizing the reserve properties of each eukaryotic
immune cell that has undergone active phagocytosis. The use of symbiotic in the
complex therapy of patients with GHB increases the intensity of phagocytosis,
as due to an increase in the number of monocytes (however, their level does not
reach the values of the control group) and neutrophils (in 1,2 - 1,4 times).
Keywords: HBV infection, immunity, neutrophils,
phagocytosis
|
|
45-51 |
|
|
EFFECT
OF HERPESVIRUS PERSISTENCE ON THE FORMATION OF A SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE IN
CHILDREN
Smilianska Ì.V., Volianskyi À.Y., Peremot S.D.,
Kashpur N.V., Klysa A.A., Klysa T.L., Kuchma M.V.
Introduction. The best way to reduce the incidence
of vaccine-preventable infections is to create a population of highly immune
individuals. This is achieved through the implementation of immunization
programs. The main focus of most immunization programs are young children, for
whom WHO offers routine immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping
cough, measles, epidparotitis, rubella, and poliomyelitis in developed
countries. According to the WHO forecasts, the diseases caused by herpesvirus
infections (HVI) in the near future are defined as "the global problem of
mankind". A feature of HVI is that the immune system responds to the
extracellular location of free virus particles or antigenic determinants,
rather than to latent viruses in nerve ganglia, macrophages, lymphocytes, etc.:
immune system reactions are not observed. HVI can provoke functional disorders
in the cells of the immune system: macrophages, T-lymphocytes, violation of the
blast-cell transformation of lymphocytes. Hence, apparently, there is a
clinically sluggish state with seemingly normal (numerically) indices of
cellular immunity, which requires immune therapy to activate the function of
immunocompetent cells. According to, the problem of herpesvirus infections is
most acute in pediatrics, which is associated with a poor knowledge of
epidemiology, immunopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, therapy and, most
importantly, prevention of exacerbations of HVI. The frequency of occurrence is
now more than 40%. The most, perhaps, unpleasant is the increased number of
relapsing forms in early school age (6-7 years). Recently there has been an
increase in the number of people with secondary immunodeficiency, whose active
immunization is ineffective. The purpose of the study. We studied the
relationship between the formation of specific postvaccinal immunity and the
persistence of various representatives of the Herpesviridae family in children
under 7 years old who received the first vaccine of the PDA according to the
vaccination schedule of Ukraine. Material and methods. 145 children aged
1 to 7 years were examined. Antibodies (Ab) of class G to measles, rubella and
mumps viruses were determined by the ELISA method. The threshold concentration
of Ab was calculated in IU/ml according to the instructions for the test
systems that were used. Immunofluorescence and PCR were used to detect viral
antigens (Ag) and DNA, respectively. Results and discussion. When analyzing
the relationship between the persistence of herpesviruses and the imbalance of
a specific immune response, it was noted that the absence of vaccinal immunity
on the MMR correlates with the high viral load and the presence in the body of
the child more than 3 representatives of herpes viruses. With hyperreactivity
of a specific immune response, a direct relationship is observed with the
detection of a combination of VEB + CMV + HHV6. It is precisely this
combination of these heresviruses that has always been detected in children
with superhigh titers of Ab in the MMR vaccine.
Our studies showed that, on average, 17 ± 3.4% of children immunized
against measles and rubella were vaccinated against measles and rubella, and
1.7 times more did not respond with the production of specific Ab in the mumps
component of the vaccine. Especially it is necessary to pay attention to the fact
that more than half of the children after the first vaccination have
hypertensions Ab to rubella and, almost every third child, to measles and
mumps. Especially the percentage of hyperreactivity increases in children 5-6
years, i.å. by the time the MMR is revaccinated, according to the vaccination
schedule. At the time of vaccination, the child must be healthy. Ideally, and
even more so when there are doubts, on the eve of the vaccination, a general
blood test should be done. As our studies show, it is also necessary to conduct
a study to identify the persistence of herpes simplex viruses in the child's
blood cells. The depth of functional immunodeficiency is caused not only by the
magnitude of the viral load, but also by the combination of herpetic infections.
Excess immunization is unjustified in terms of medical ethics and economy. Some
of them have a high initial level of antibodies and do not need to be
vaccinated. Other individuals genetically produce high antibody titers during
vaccination and do not require revaccination. It should be borne in mind that
with intensive antibody formation, revaccination is unnecessary and
undesirable. Conclusion. Therefore,
it is desirable, but impossible for everyone today, to have a pre-vaccination
screening - a serological examination of person’s subject to vaccination for
the presence of immunity to the infection. Typically, the goal of
pre-vaccination screening is to identify non-immune (seronegative for the
causative agent of a specific infection) individuals. In rare cases,
pre-vaccination screening is conducted because of the undesirability of
exposing immune individuals to additional allergies associated with
vaccination. This makes it possible to determine the need for immunization, to
cancel further vaccination in persons with strained immunity or, conversely, to
take measures to strengthen the immune response in the vaccinated person. First
of all, the principles of individual vaccination should be extended to risk
groups, which we believe should be attributed to children with persistent
herpesvirus infection, which causes both the development of secondary
immunodeficiency and allergic organism.
Keywords: vaccine-preventable infections, herpesvirus
infections, vaccination
|
|
52-56 |
|
|
DEFINITION OF MATHEMATICAL
MODELS OF SHOTS DISTANCE DETERMINATION USING BIOLOGICAL IMITATORS OF HUMAN
TISSUES
Shcherbak
V.V., Shcherbak O.M., Martynov A.V., Pohorila M.S.
Introduction. One of the most common tasks in expert practice which is solved during
investigation of almost all the facts of firearms usage is determination of
shots distance. To realize this aim laboratory diagnostic methods are widely
used mainly based on identifying of shot products and their effects. The
traditional and most accessible way for an expert to achieve it is visual
comparison of a remote track with some experimental samples of shot marks from
the similar weapon model. The main advantages of the method are its simplicity
and accessibility; however, it has some disadvantages that can lead to a
mistake in determining specific shooting distance. Determination of shots
distance based on statistical analysis of interdependence, frequency of
occurrence and shot trace signs variation does not require appliance of
full-scale collections, albums and descriptions of shots marks and allows to
get conclusion with known probability of error. Materials & Methods. The
shots were carried out from pistols "Fort-12" and
"Fort-14TP" produced by the Science Industrial Association
"FORT" of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine (Vinnitsa City)
with standard 9 x 18 mm caliber ammunition. Skin-muscular flaps of large white
pig corpses with thickness from 1 cm to 4.5 cm were used as biological
imitators of human body tissues. Series of five shots were conducted from a
distance of 1 cm to 300 cm. Obtained objects were examined visually and with
the complex of laboratory methods. All calculations of the research indicators
were made with the help of a spreadsheet of "Microsoft EXCEL". When
modeling dependencies, licensed statistical packages Statistica 10.0 Enterprise
and IBM SPSS 20 were used. Based on the results of statistical processing of
the experiment, using pistols "Fort-12" and "Fort-14TP",
paired and multiple linear regression models were built to determine shorts
distance depending on parameters of shot products distribution on the skin surface
of biological human tissue imitators. A qualitative assessment of statistical
data using correlation and regression analysis has been made. Results
& discussion. Construction of regression models for skin damage. The obtained
results of calculations of the characteristics of paired regression models of
distance of shots from 3 cm to 150 cm depending on the diameter of the
peripheral zone of gunpowder deposits in the “Statistica” system for
"Fort-12" pistols and "Fort-14TP" pistols are shown. Confidence intervals of
95% reliability for predicted values of shots distances for pistols
"Fort-12" and "Fort-14TP" have been built. The conclusions drawn, obtained shots distance models are adequate and
statistically significant both in individual parameters and in general,
therefore the equations obtained can be used for determination of predicted values
of the shots distance for "Fort-12" and "Fort-14TP" pistols. Conclusion. Thus, based on generalization of the obtained data
using correlation-regression analysis, the most significant factors that can be
considered as diagnostic criteria for determining of the shot distance from
pistols "Fort-12" and "Fort-14TP" have been revealed. Statistically
valid linear multi-factor and pair regression models that allow to calculate
shorts distance from "Fort-12" and "Fort-14ÒP" pistols for
skin lesion based on experimental data have been made. Using the
correlation-regression analysis statistical verification of regression models
based on the Student’s t-criteria and
Fisher's F criteria has been made. It
allowed to reveal the statistical significance of the obtained models. Close
correlation link between determined parameters and shot distance allowed to
establish that the models of the regression equation are adequate and can be used
to predict shots distance.
Keywords: gunshot injuries, pistols «Fort», statistical
analysis, forensic expertise
|
|
57-61 |
|
